Vaish.navism is singularly like Sufiism, the resemblance has often been
noticed, and need here only be briefly traced. [Footnote: Conf. Capt.
J. W. Graham's paper 'On Sufiism,' _Bombay Literary Soc. Trans._
Vol. I. pp. 89 et seqq.; R??jendral??la Mittra's valuable introduction to
the _Chaitanya Chandrodaya_ (Biblioth. Ind.), pp. ii-iv and xv;
also Jones' 'Mystical Poetry of the Persians and Hindus,' _Asiat.
Res._ Vol. III. pp. 165-207; and Leyden, 'On the Rosheniah Sect,
&c.,' _As. Res._ Vol. XI. pp. 363-428.--ED.] With the latter the
first degree is _n??s?»t_ or 'humanity' in which man is subject to
the law _shara_, the second _tar?®kat_, 'the way' of
spiritualism, the third _??ar?»f_ or 'knowledge,' and the fourth
_hak?®kat_ or 'the truth.' Some writers give a longer series of
grades, thus--_talab,_ 'seeking after god;' _??ishk_, 'love;'
_m??arifat_, 'insight;' _istighn??h_, 'satisfaction;'
_tauh?®d_, 'unity;' _hairat_, 'ecstacy;' and lastly
_fan??_, 'absorption.
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